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Andrej Karpathy: Software Is Changing (Again)

Y Combinator · 2.6M views · 2025-06-19 · 39:32

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Overview

Andrej Karpathy's keynote at AI Startup School laying out software 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0, with LLMs seen as utilities, fabs and operating systems. It covers LLM quirks, partial-autonomy apps and keeping a human in the generate-and-verify loop.

On Hacker News

HN mostly cites it as a source for Karpathy's framing of programming in English and his generate-then-verify workflow, with a few critics finding it hype.

Recommended by 1 HN people across 1 months · HN mentions 2025–2025

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What people said

MangoCoffee · 2025-08 · Recommendation

I've done a vibe coding hobby project where I simply give AI instructions on what I want, using a persona-based approach for the agent to generate or fix the code. It worked out pretty well. Who knows how the software engineering landscape will change in 10 to 20 years? I enjoyed Andrej Karpathy's talk about software in the era of AI. [VIDEO]

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chubot · 2025-09 · Reference

Yes definitely, but I'm pretty sure that he was just saying vibe coding is POSSIBLE and a fun thing to try, to see how far you can get (which is true, it can do some surprising things) Not that companies should literally try to "vibe code" production software Two publishers and three authors fail to understand what “vibe coding” means - [LINK] ( I think Karpathy addressed what he meant in this video, though I forget the details: Software Is Changing (Again) [VIDEO] ) The phrase got totally taken out of context, probably because it's what people WANTED to believe. They wanted to believe that the hard thing was now easy, and they could make/save a lot of money that way

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billmalarky · 2025-08 · Reference

Ah, I probably should have listed some of the "assumptions" I'm developing it on top of: 1) Regarding the "generation is how learning occurs" claim, I'm going off of this: [LINK] Granted, that article refers to retrieval specifically being one major way we learn, and of course learning incorporates many dimensions. But it seems a bit self-evident that retrieval occurs heavily during active problem solving (ie "generation"), and less so during passive learning (ie: just reading/consuming info). From personal experience, I always noticed I learned much more by doing than by consuming documentation alone. But yes, I admit this assumption and my own personal experience/bias is doing a lot of heavy lifting for me... 2) Regarding the "optimal AI productivity process" (AI Generates > Human Validates > Loop) I'm using Karpathy's productivity loop described in his AI startup school talk last month here: [VIDEO] Does this help make it more concrete Swyx (name dropping you here since I'm pretty sure you've got a social listener set for your handle ;)? Love to hear your thoughts straight from the hip based on your own personal experiences. Full disclosure: I'm not trying to get too academic about this. In all honestly I'm really trying to get to an informal theory that's useful and practical enough that it can be turned into a regular business process for rapid professional development.

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Sources

Video by Y Combinator, played through YouTube.

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